Total Ankle Replacement Prosthesis

ABSTRACT

A total ankle replacement prosthesis may comprise a tibial implant, a talar implant, and an intermediate implant. The intermediate implant may fixedly attach to the tibial implant and may articulate with respect to the talar implant. The intermediate implant may have unequal front and back angular extent, so as to discourage a particular direction of subluxation, and a kit may be provided containing various such intermediate implants. Various features may be provided in regard to dovetails, fins, recesses, the placement of fins and pegs, and the shape of the perimeter of the tibial implant. Recesses may allow a surgical blade to slice a latch off of an already-installed intermediate implant, in order to allow its removal from the tibial implant.

CLAIM TO PRIORITY

This application is a continuation of, and claims priority to andbenefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to copending U.S. application Ser. No.16/146,325 filed Sep. 28, 2018, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,653,528, whichclaims priority and benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 of U.S. applicationSer. No. 15/459,935, filed Mar. 15, 2017, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,166,110,which claims priority and benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S.application Ser. No. 14/710,450, filed May 12, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No.9,610,168, which claims priority to and benefit under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e)to the U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/991,880, filed onMay 12, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND Field

The present disclosure generally relates to systems and methods forreplacement of an ankle by a prosthesis.

Description of the Related Art

Patients with certain types of ankle problems may require a total anklereplacement prosthesis. Although such devices have been used for sometime, improvements are still needed in various respects, including butnot limited to features that contribute to ease of implantation by asurgeon, resistance to posterior separation post-operatively, andresistance to component subsidence.

SUMMARY

Embodiments of the invention address many of the problems encounteredwith prostheses for various anatomical joints, including but not limitedto, total ankle replacement prostheses. Many of the features of theseembodiments are particularly helpful when employed using an anteriorapproach, as opposed to a medial-lateral approach. Posterior separationresistance is aided with the use of a wedge entirely or partially on theposterior side of the tibial component. One or more pegs can be used toprovide guidance for the wedge. Preferably the surgical techniqueinvolves no bone preparation beyond initial saw cutting, althoughpreparation for the wedge or the pegs, or both, are possible. Componentsubsidence resistance is aided by minimizing bone resection and bymaximizing the extent that the components rest on cortical bone rim.Embodiments utilize a lateral flare to cover the anterior cortical rimof the tibia, as opposed to traditional trapezoidal or oblong footprintsfound in many prior art designs. This lateral flare increases thecontact area of the tibial tray with the cortical rim of the anteriortibia. The lateral flare follows the anatomic tibia shape in thetransverse plane by wrapping around the anterior aspect of the fibula.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a tibial implant, a talarimplant and an intermediate implant, wherein the intermediate implantfixedly attaches to the tibial implant and is capable of articulatingwith respect to the talar implant, wherein the intermediate implant hasa first edge of the articulating surface and a second edge of thearticulating surface, wherein the first edge is at a different elevationfrom the second edge, with elevation being defined with respect to a topsurface of the intermediate implant.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a kit comprising a tibialimplant, a talar implant and a plurality of intermediate implants,wherein the intermediate implants attach to the tibial implant and haverespective articulating surfaces that articulate with respect to thetalar implant, wherein at least one of the intermediate implants has adifferent elevational dimension of the first end point from another ofthe intermediate implants or has a different elevational dimension ofthe second end point from another of the intermediate implants.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a tibial implant, a talarimplant and an intermediate implant, wherein the intermediate implantattaches to the tibial implant and is capable of articulating withrespect to the talar implant, wherein one of the tibial implant and theintermediate implant comprises a pocket and the other of the tibialimplant and the intermediate implant comprises a latch, the latch andthe pocket engaging with each other upon assembly, wherein theintermediate implant comprises an intermediate implant recess on ananterior edge thereof, and wherein when viewed along ananterior-posterior direction, the intermediate implant recess at leastpartially aligns with the pocket and the latch.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a tibial implant, a talarimplant and an intermediate implant, wherein the intermediate implantattaches to the tibial implant and is capable of articulating withrespect to the talar implant, wherein the tibial implant has atibia-facing surface and a lower surface opposed to the tibia-facingsurface, wherein the lower surface has a cutout region extending in froman exterior perimeter of the tibial implant, the cutout region definedby a cutout perimeter shape that demarcates the cutout region from aremainder of the lower surface of the tibial implant, wherein the cutoutperimeter has a tibial dovetail configuration, wherein the tibialdovetail configuration extends along two sides and at least a portion ofa remainder of the cutout perimeter, and wherein the intermediateimplant comprises an intermediate implant dovetail having anintermediate implant dovetail configuration that is complementary to thetibial dovetail configuration.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a tibial implant, a talarimplant, and an intermediate implant fitting between the tibial implantand the talar implant, wherein the tibial implant has a tibia-facingsurface and a lower surface opposed to the tibia-facing surface, whereinthe lower surface has a cutout region defined by a perimeter shapedemarcating the cutout region and a non-cutout region, the perimetershape meeting an anterior edge of the tibial implant, wherein thetibia-facing surface has at least one tibial peg protruding therefromand attached to the tibia-facing surface at an attachment region,wherein, as viewed along a direction perpendicular to the tibia-facingsurface, the attachment region partially overlies the non-cutout regionand partially overlies the cutout region.

An embodiment of the invention comprises a tibial implant comprising atibia-facing surface and an opposed surface, wherein the tibia-facingside comprises a flat surface; and two pegs protruding from thetibia-facing surface; and a fin protruding from the tibia-facingsurface, wherein, in a cross-section taken perpendicular to its longdirection, the fin has a wide direction and a narrow direction, the widedirection being longer than the narrow direction, and the wide directionbeing generally perpendicular to a direction of advancement of thetibial implant, wherein the fin has a wedge-shaped end away from thetibia-facing surface that is, wherein the pegs are at least partiallyaxisymmetric having respective axes of symmetry, wherein an anterioredge of the tibial implant is an edge having a cutout therein and aposterior direction is a direction that is opposed to the anterior edge,and the fin is more posterior than the pegs, wherein the fin has a fincenterline and the pegs have respective peg axes of symmetry, and thepeg axes of symmetry and the fin centerline are all substantiallyparallel to each other.

In an embodiment of the invention, the tibial implant may have an outerperimeter such that, upon proceeding counterclockwise as viewed fromabove, the perimeter comprises a first straight edge; the first straightedge being followed by a first convex corner that meets and is tangentto the first straight edge; the first convex corner being followed by asecond straight edge or a shallow arc that meets and is tangent to thefirst convex corner, wherein an angle of the first convex corner isgreater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees; the second straightedge or the shallow arc being followed by a second convex corner thatmeets and is tangent to the second straight edge or the shallow arc; thesecond convex corner being followed by a first concave curve, whereinthe second convex corner transitions to the first concave curve at afirst inflection point, wherein there is a tangent line that is parallelto the first straight edge and is tangent to second convex corner at atangency point that is farther from first straight edge than is thefirst inflection point, wherein the first concave curve continues on tocross the tangent line so as to become farther from the first straightedge than is the tangent line; wherein the first concave curve isfollowed by a convex curve that proceeds from the first concave curveand returns to the first straight edge to form a complete perimeter ofthe tibial plate.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide furtherunderstanding and are incorporated in and constitute a part of thisspecification, illustrate disclosed embodiments and together with thedescription serve to explain the principles of the disclosedembodiments. In the drawings:

FIG. 1A shows a three-dimensional view of an embodiment of theinvention, in its assembled configuration.

FIG. 1B shows the same three-dimensional view of an embodiment of theinvention, in an exploded configuration.

FIG. 1C shows a front view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1D shows a side view of an embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 1E shows a three-dimensional view of a section of an embodiment ofthe invention, as defined in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2A shows a three-dimensional view of the tibial implant.

FIG. 2B is a side view of the tibial implant.

FIG. 2C is a front view of the tibial implant.

FIG. 2D is a top view of the tibial implant.

FIG. 2E is a bottom view of the tibial implant.

FIG. 2F is a top view of the tibial implant as if it were transparent.

FIG. 2G is a three-dimensional view of the tibial implant as if it weretransparent.

FIG. 2H shows a three-dimensional view of the tibial implant,upside-down compared to its orientation in FIG. 2A.

FIG. 2I is a three-dimensional view of a section of the tibial implant,as defined in FIG. 2H.

FIG. 2J is a frontal view of the tibial implant similar to FIG. 2C, butwith sectioning removing the posterior portion of the tibial implant, soas to make the dovetail more visible.

FIG. 2K is a top view of the tibial implant similar to FIG. 2D, but withspecific reference to the external perimeter of the tibial implant.

FIG. 3A is a three-dimensional view of an intermediate implant.

FIG. 3B is a front view of the intermediate implant of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3C a side view of the intermediate implant of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3D is a top view of the intermediate implant of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3E is a bottom view of the intermediate implant of FIG. 3A.

FIG. 3F is a three-dimensional sectional view of the tibial implant andthe intermediate implant showing especially the recesses at the anteriorof the tibial implant and the intermediate implant and the latch of theintermediate implant and the pocket of the tibial implant.

FIG. 3G is a three-dimensional sectional view of the tibial implant andthe intermediate implant showing especially the latch of theintermediate implant and the cutout and the pocket of the tibialimplant.

FIG. 4A is a three-dimensional view of a talar implant, somewhat fromabove.

FIG. 4B is a three-dimensional view of the talar implant of FIG. 4A,somewhat from below.

FIG. 4C is a top view of the talar implant of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4D is a frontal view of the talar implant of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4E is a side view of the talar implant of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 4F is a frontal view of an implanted prosthesis, with theintermediate implant shown transparent, with certain anatomical featuresof the ankle also shown schematically.

FIG. 5A is an illustration of the shape, in cross-section, of thebicondylar surface of the intermediate implant.

FIG. 5B is an illustration of the shape, in cross-section, of thebicondylar surface of the talar implant.

FIG. 6A is a side view of an intermediate implant similar to that ofFIG. 3A, which may be referred to as a neutral intermediate implant.

FIG. 6B is a side view of an intermediate implant that may be referredto as an anterior-biased intermediate implant.

FIG. 6C is a side view of an intermediate implant that may be referredto as a posterior-biased intermediate implant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description discloses embodiments of a total anklereplacement device.

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth to provide a full understanding of the present disclosure. It willbe apparent, however, to one ordinarily skilled in the art thatembodiments of the present disclosure may be practiced without some ofthe specific details. In other instances, well-known structures andtechniques have not been shown in detail so as not to obscure thedisclosure.

The method and system disclosed herein are presented in terms of adevice for use in the ankle. It will be obvious to those of ordinaryskill in the art that this same configuration and method can be utilizedin a variety of applications that require a prosthesis that providesmotion. Nothing in this disclosure should be interpreted, unlessspecifically stated as such, to limit the application of any method orsystem disclosed herein to the ankle.

Referring now to FIGS. 1A through 1E, an embodiment of the inventioncomprises an assembly that comprises a tibial implant 100, a talarimplant 300, and an intermediate implant 200 that can fit between thetibial implant 100 and the talar implant 300. The tibial implant 100 maybe suitable for implantation into or onto a prepared end of a tibia. Thetalar implant 300 may be suitable for implantation into or onto aprepared surface of a talus. The intermediate implant 200 may attach totibial implant 100 and may articulate with respect to talar implant 300.

Referring now to FIGS. 2A through 2K, there is shown a tibial implant100. Tibial implant 100 may comprise an anterior edge 101A and aposterior edge 101P, although it is understood that this nomenclature isonly for sake of description. The tibial implant 100 may comprise atibia-facing surface 102 and a lower surface 104 that is generallyopposed to the tibia-facing surface 102. The tibia-facing surface 102may comprise a portion that is generally flat.

The lower surface 104 may comprise an outer surface 106, which may beflat, and an inner surface 108, which may be part of a cutout region andwhich may also may be flat. The cutout region defines a boundary with,as shown, first, second, and third internal boundary sides, 117, 119,and 121, respectively. It is not actually necessary that both the outersurface 106 and the inner surface 108 be flat, as other shapes are alsopossible in each case. The inner surface 108 of tibial implant 100 mayhave a centerline 109 generally along the anterior-posterior direction.Centerline 109 may be a line of symmetry of inner surface 108, whichwould be halfway between first boundary side 117 and second boundaryside 119.

The boundary between outer surface 106 and inner surface 108 maycomprise first and second dovetails 122 and 124, which may be straightand parallel to each other. More generally, in that location there maybe any geometry that allows a sliding capture of a complementary featureof intermediate implant 200. Connecting between first dovetail 122 andsecond dovetail 124 may be yet another segment of the boundary betweenouter surface 106 and inner surface 108. As illustrated, this segmentmay comprise a third dovetail 126, which may occupy at least a portionof a remainder of the cutout perimeter other than first dovetail 122 andsecond dovetail 124. Third dovetail 126 may be geometrically identicalto first and second dovetails 122, 124, although it does not have to be.First dovetail 122 and second dovetail 124 may be generally straight andmay be parallel to each other. Third dovetail 126 may also be straightand may be perpendicular to first dovetail 122 or second dovetail 124,although this is not essential. There may be a rounded corner betweenthe first dovetail 122 and third dovetail 126, and similarly anotherrounded corner between second dovetail 124 and third dovetail 126. Theserounded corners may comprise the same dovetail shape as on the firstsecond and third dovetails 122, 124, 126. Third dovetail 126 may becomplementary to a corresponding feature of intermediate implant 200. Atthe anterior edge 101A of tibial implant 100, there may be provided anentrance region 111 to dovetails 122, 124 such that the entrance region111 is wider in the medial-lateral direction than the space betweendovetails 122, 124. Entrance region 111 may be tapered or otherwiseshaped so as to guide intermediate implant 200 into its desired positionwithin side dovetails 122, 124.

Extending from the tibia-facing surface 102 may be a plurality ofprojections. The projections may comprise a somewhat planar fin 130. Itis possible that fin 130 may have one or more through-holes 132therethrough. In cross-section taken perpendicular to its overall lengthdirection, fin 130 may have two long sides 134, 136 and two short sides138, 139. The two long sides 134, 136 may be part of flat surfaces thatmay be parallel or almost parallel to each other or may form a slighttaper. Fin 130 may be sharp or wedge-shaped at its end away fromtibia-facing surface 102 of tibial implant 100. The projections may alsocomprise one or more (two shown) tibial pegs 142, 144 that may be atleast somewhat cylindrical. The joints where pegs 142, 144 jointibia-facing surface 102 may be located both on a common line that isperpendicular to a direction of the dovetails 122, 124. Tibial pegs 142,144 preferably may be longer than fin 130. Tibial pegs 142, 144preferably are located at a distance away from the centerline 109, andas such are inserted into the cancellous bone in the epiphysis. It isbelieved, although it is not wished to be limited to this explanation,that the use of a fin 130 may be helpful (compared to a peg, forexample) in securing anchorage of tibial implant 100 into the bone ofthe distal portion of the tibia. The distal portion of the tibia is aregion where the bone can be relatively soft, and the fin 130 hasgreater surface area than a peg would have, thereby securing itsposition more effectively. Also, the fin 130 may be self-cutting intothe bone, without requiring preparation such as the pre-drilling of ahole. All of this may allow placement of fin 130 in a position fairlyfar distal in the tibia, which may be helpful in anchoring to the tibiaparticularly in preventing the tibial implant 100 from separating fromthe tibia during various possible scenarios of motion by the patient.Additionally, the absence of need for hole preparation in theless-accessible distal region of the tibia would be a convenience forthe surgeon.

At least some of the projections may have a respective definedlengthwise direction. For a projection such as tibial pegs 142, 144 thatis at least partly cylindrical or axisymmetric, the lengthwise directionmay be the axis of the cylinder or the axis of axisymmetry of the tibialpeg 142, 144. Tibial pegs 142, 144 may have a portion of a sphere 148Aat the tip of the peg, which may be followed by a portion of a cone148B, which may be followed by surface 148C formed by a circular arc inrevolution around the longitudinal axis of the tibial peg, which may befollowed by a cylindrical surface 148D. It is believed, although it isnot wished to be limited to this explanation, that such a shape of thetip of the tibial peg 142, 144 may be helpful in guiding the pegs 142,144 into the corresponding hole prepared in the bone, which may involvea close fit between the peg 142, 144 and the prepared bone. For a fin130, the lengthwise direction may be an axis that is midway betweenrespective opposed parallel exterior surfaces of the fin. Asillustrated, the tibial implant 100 may have a midpoint that is halfwaybetween the anterior-most extent of the tibial implant 100 and theposterior-most extent of tibial implant 100, and fin 130 may be entirelylocated posteriorly of the midpoint.

The defined lengthwise direction of any of the projections may beinclined at an angle gamma with respect to the generally flat portion oftibia-facing surface 102 of tibial implant 100. The angle may be suchthat the angle gamma faces toward the posterior of tibial implant 100and has an angular measure of between 0 and 90 degrees, moreparticularly between 20 and 70 degrees. As illustrated, the angle gammais 45 degrees. Gamma is illustrated in FIG. 2B as being identical fortibial pegs 142, 144 and for fin 130, but it is possible that the angledesignated as gamma for tibial pegs 142, 144 could have a differentvalue from the angle designated as gamma for fin 130. The inequality ofangle could be in either direction, in terms of which angle is greaterthan which other angle.

The respective lengthwise directions of at least some of the projections(tibial pegs 142, 144 and fin 130) may be parallel to each other. Thedirectional axis of fin 130 may be parallel to the respective axis ofone or more tibial pegs 142, 144. Alternatively, the axis of a tibialpeg 142, 144 may be parallel to a straight-line segment of a surface ofthe fin 130. Pegs 142, 144 and fin 130 may be spaced so as to occupymore than one position along the anterior-posterior direction of thetibial implant 100, i.e. pegs 142, 144 and fin 130 can be positioned soas to not all lie in a line running medial-lateral (not all in the samecoronal plane). It is possible that pegs 142, 144 may occupy the sameposition as each other along the anterior-posterior direction of tibialimplant 100, and fin 130 may occupy a different position (i.e. they canlie in the same coronal plane). Fin 130 may be more posterior than pegs142, 144.

Tibial implant 100 may further comprise a pocket 160, which may berecessed with respect to inner surface 108. As described elsewhereherein, pocket 160 may be dimensioned so as to cooperate with a featureof intermediate implant 200 to latch intermediate implant 200 to tibialimplant 100. The pocket 160 of tibial implant 100 may have side edgesthat are parallel or at least approximately parallel to the first andsecond dovetails 122, 124 of tibial implant 100, or may have any othersuitable geometry. Pocket 160 may be located either approximately orexactly midway between the first and second dovetails 122, 124 of tibialimplant 100.

It is further possible that tibial implant 100 may comprise a tibialimplant recess 170, which may be located at the anterior edge 101A oftibial implant 100. Tibial implant recess 170 may have a lateraldimension that is substantially the same as the lateral dimension ofpocket 160 or of latch 260 (described hereinafter) of intermediateimplant 200. Tibial implant recess 170 may substantially align withpocket 160 along the direction of side dovetails 122, 124. Tibialimplant recess 170 may be located either approximately or exactly midwaybetween the side dovetails 122, 124 of tibial implant 100.

Referring now to FIG. 2F, there is shown a top view of tibial implant100 with the tibial implant 100 being a transparent wireframe so thatfeatures on the underside of tibial implant 100, such as dovetails 122,124 and 126 and pocket 160 can be seen in relation to features on theupper side of tibial implant 100 such as pegs 142, 144 and fin 130.Similarly, FIG. 2G, which is a three-dimensional perspective view, showstibial implant 100 as a transparent wireframe so as to show the relativeplacement of certain features on the upper side and the underside. Theremay be certain relations between the placement of features on the upperside and the placement of features on the underside of tibial implant100. Such relative placement can serve to connect protrudingload-bearing features such as pegs 142, 144 and fin 130 to portions oftibial implant 100 that are structurally thick and strong. In otherinstances, such placement may overlap thicker stronger portions oftibial implant 100 with regions that are thinner and structurallyweaker, and may thereby help to reinforce regions that are thinner andstructurally weaker. As illustrated, the connection of fin 130 to tibialimplant 100 is entirely within the region of dovetails 122, 124 and 126,i.e., the connection of fin 130 to tibial implant 100 is opposite theinner surface 108. However, it would also have been possible that theconnection of fin 130 could partially overlie the inner surface 108within dovetails 122, 124 and 126 and could partly overlie the thickerportion of tibial implant 100, outer surface 106, that does not havedovetails 122, 124 and 126 cut out of it. Tibial pegs 142, 144 may, asillustrated, partially overlie the inner surface 108 within dovetails122, 124 and 126 and partially overlie the thicker portion of tibialimplant 100, outer surface 106, that does not have dovetails 122, 124and 126 cut out of it. This could structurally reinforce the thinnerportion (inner surface 108) of tibial implant 100.

Referring now to FIGS. 2H and 21, there is shown a three-dimensionalview of the tibial implant 100, upside-down compared to its orientationin FIG. 2A. It can be seen that pocket 160 is recessed from innersurface 108. Entrance region 111 also is visible, as is tibial implantrecess 170. FIG. 2J shows the edges of first and second dovetails 122,124 visible in this anterior view.

Referring now to FIG. 2K, the tibia-facing surface 102 may have anexternal shape that is chosen so as to match closely with the externalshape of the prepared lower end of the tibia, when the tibia end isprepared as described elsewhere herein. The tibia, as with bonesgenerally, comprises an outer region of cortical bone that is relativelystrong, and an inner region of cancellous bone that is more porous andless strong. The close matching of the external shape of the tibialimplant to the outside perimeter shape of the prepared end of the lowertibia is believed to give good mechanical contact and load transferbetween the tibial implant and the cortical region of the bone of thetibia. It is believed, although it is not wished to be limited to thisexplanation, that this close matching of shapes may decrease thelikelihood of problems with subsidence of the tibial implant into thetibia.

The tibial implant 100 may, first of all, have a perimeter that has acertain external perimeter shape, as is best illustrated in FIGS. 2D and2K. FIG. 2K is a top view of the outside perimeter of tibial implant100. The perimeter may, first of all have a first straight edge 190. Theside dovetails 122, 124 of tibial implant 100 may be close to beingparallel to straight external edge 190 of tibial implant 100, althoughas illustrated they are not exactly parallel.

The tibial implant 100 may have an outer perimeter that can be describedas follows, while commencing at a location on the lateral edge of theimplant 100 at a posterior location and proceeding counterclockwise asviewed from above. From this vantage point, the perimeter may comprise:a first straight edge 190, which may be considered a vertical referencefor purpose of illustration; followed by a first convex corner 191 thatmeets and is tangent to the first straight edge 190; followed by asecond straight edge or shallow arc 192 that meets and is tangent to thefirst convex corner 191, wherein an angle alpha of the first convexcorner 191 is greater than 90 degrees but less than 180 degrees;followed by a second convex corner 193 that meets and is tangent to thesecond straight edge or shallow arc 192; followed by a first concavecurve 194, wherein the second convex corner 193 transitions to the firstconcave curve 194 at a first inflection point 1934. It may be consideredthat there is a tangent line 195 that is parallel to first straight edge190 and is tangent to second convex corner 193 at a tangency point 1953,wherein the tangency point 1953 is farther from first straight edge 190than is first inflection point 1934. The second convex corner 193 andthe first concave curve 194 have a common tangent line at the firstinflection point 1934, wherein the tangent line to the curve at theinflection point 1934 forms an angle beta with respect to tangent line195, with beta being greater than zero so that the perimeter shape isre-entrant with respect to the first straight edge 190. First concavecurve 194 may then continue until it again crosses tangent line 195 sothat the perimeter crosses tangent line 195 to become farther from firststraight edge 190 than is tangent line 195. Continuing on from firstconcave curve 194 may be an arbitrary convex curve that returns to firststraight edge 190 to form a complete perimeter of tibial plate 100. Inan anatomical sense, features such as first concave curve 194 may belocated on the lateral side of the tibial implant 100, as distinguishedfrom the medial side of the tibial implant 100. Correspondingly, firststraight edge 190 may be located on the medial side of tibial implant100.

As illustrated, first concave curve 194 may be followed by a thirdconvex corner 196, wherein the first concave curve 194 transitions tothe third convex corner 196 at a second inflection point 1946; thirdconvex corner 196 may be followed by a first convex curve 197, whereinthe third convex corner 196 transitions to the first convex curve 197 ata common tangency point; followed by a fourth convex corner 199, whereinthe first convex curve 197 transitions to the fourth convex corner 199at a common tangency point 198; wherein the fourth convex corner 199continues on and meets and is tangent to the first straight edge 190.

Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3E, there is shown intermediate implant 200.Intermediate implant 200 may comprise a top surface 202 that facestibial implant 100. First of all, the intermediate implant 200 may havean external perimeter, when viewed from above, that is similar to thecorresponding perimeter of tibial implant 100 which it touches.Intermediate implant 200 may have a top surface 202, which may be flat.There may be a projection 204 protruding from top surface 202.Projection 204 may have projection surface 206, which may be flat andmay be parallel to top surface 202. Between top surface 202 andprojection surface 206, intermediate implant 200 may have externaldovetails suitable to engage corresponding dovetails 122, 124, 126 oftibial implant 100. There may be side dovetails 222 and 224, which maybe parallel to each other. There may further be end dovetail 226. Enddovetail 226 may be continuous with side dovetails 222, 224 throughrounded corners. The rounded corners may also have dovetails, which mayhave the same cross-sectional shape as dovetails 222, 224, 226.

The intermediate implant 200 may have a latch 260, which may projectbeyond the surface 202 of intermediate implant 200. Latch 260 may serveto lock intermediate implant 200 relative to tibial implant 100. Thelatch 260 may be shaped generally complementary to the pocket 160 in thetibial implant 100. The intermediate implant 200 may be capable ofdeforming or flexing slightly during insertion of the intermediateimplant 200 into the tibial implant 100, to allow the latch 260 toattain its final position. Alternatively, or in addition, the latch 260itself may be capable of deforming or flexing slightly during insertiontowards accomplishing a similar purpose. For example, latch 260 couldcomprise a living hinge.

It is further possible that intermediate implant 200 may comprise anintermediate implant recess 270, which may be located on the anterioredge of intermediate implant 200. Intermediate implant recess 270 may belocated in a location similar to the location of recess 170 of tibialimplant 100. Intermediate implant recess 270 may have a lateraldimension that is substantially the same as the lateral dimension oflatch 260 of intermediate implant 200. Intermediate implant recess 270may substantially align with latch 260 along the direction of sidedovetails 122, 124. Tibial implant recess 170 may have an internal slopeand latch 260 may have an external slope, and the tibial implant recessinternal slope and the latch external slope may be equal to each other.

Opposite to tibia-facing top surface 202, intermediate implant 200 mayhave an opposed surface that is an articulating surface (FIG. 3E). Thearticulating surface may comprise, as illustrated, two condyles,although other shapes are also possible. The first condylar articulatingsurface 272 and the second condylar articulating surface 274, asillustrated, may both be concave. However, in the region where the twocondylar articulating surfaces approach each other, there may be atransition surface 276, which may be convex. As illustrated here andelsewhere herein, first condylar surface 272, second condylar surface274 and transition surface 276 may all be formed by respective circulararcs being revolved around an axis of revolution 399. Furthermore, asillustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the circular arc for first condylarsurface 272 and the circular arc for second condylar surface 274 mayhave identical radii of curvature, although this is not essential. Asillustrated, the circular arc for first condylar surface 272 and thecircular arc for second condylar surface 274 both have a radius ofcurvature of 0.820 inch. As illustrated, transition surface 276 has aradius of curvature of 0.100 inch in the opposite sense from surfaces272, 274. Variations from all of these dimensions would be possible.

Referring now to FIGS. 3F-3G, there may exist certain geometricrelationships that relate features of tibial implant 100 and features ofintermediate implant 200. In regard to dovetail features, the respectivesides of external dovetail 222, 224, 226 of intermediate implant 200 mayhave dimensions and shape that are complementary to those of therespective sides of internal dovetail 122, 124, 126. The relationshipmay be such as to allow the intermediate implant 200 to be slid into thetibial implant 100 and to be retained therein. The distance between theplanes of outer surface 106 and inner surface 108 of tibial implant 100may approximately equal or be slightly greater than the distance betweenthe planes of top surface 202 and projection surface 206. Also, the endexternal dovetail 226 of intermediate implant 200 may be complementaryto the end internal dovetail 126 of tibial implant 100. The relationshipmay be such as to further help retain intermediate implant 200 to tibialimplant 100.

In regard to latching features, latch 260 of intermediate implant 200may be complementary to pocket 160 in tibial implant 100 so as to allowlatch 260 to reside within pocket 160 when intermediate implant 200 isassembled to tibial implant 100. Furthermore, the locations of latch 260and pocket 160 may be such that this residing occurs when the sidedovetails 222, 224 of intermediate implant 200 are engaged with the sidedovetails 122, 124 of tibial implant 100, and when end dovetail 226 ofintermediate implant 200 is engaged with the end dovetail 126 of tibialimplant 100. The engagement of latch 260 with pocket 160 may coincidewith engagement of end dovetail 226 with end dovetail 126. The distancebetween latch 260 and end dovetail 226 of intermediate implant 200 maybe approximately equal to the distance between pocket 160 and enddovetail 126 of tibial implant 100. It can be noted that, in general,either one of the tibial implant 100 and the intermediate implant 200may comprise a pocket and the other of the tibial implant 100 and theintermediate implant 200 may comprise a latch.

In regard to recesses at the anterior edges of tibial implant 100 andintermediate implant 200, tibial implant recess 170 may have a lateraldimension that is substantially the same as the lateral dimension ofpocket 160 or of latch 260 of intermediate implant 200. Intermediateimplant recess 270 may have a lateral dimension that is substantiallythe same as the lateral dimension of pocket 160 or of latch 260 ofintermediate implant 200. Tibial implant recess 170 may substantiallyalign with pocket 160 along the direction of side dovetails 122, 124.Intermediate implant recess 270 may substantially align with pocket 160along the direction of side dovetails 122, 124. Intermediate implantrecess 270 and tibial implant recess 170 may at least approximatelyalign with each other to create a combined recess that may be suitableto receive and direct a surgical blade in the event that it is necessaryto insert a surgical blade to cut off latch 260 for removal ofintermediate implant 200 from tibial implant 100. It is possible thatintermediate implant recess 270 alone could receive and direct asurgical blade in the event that it is necessary to insert a surgicalblade to cut off latch 260, or tibial implant recess 170 alone couldreceive and direct a surgical blade in the event that it is necessary toinsert a surgical blade to cut off latch 260.

Intermediate implant 200 may have an outer perimeter, at or near the endthat faces tibial implant 100, that is generally similar in shape anddimension to the outer the outer perimeter of tibial implant 100 at ornear the end of tibial implant 100 that faces intermediate implant 200.

Of course, it is also possible that pocket 160 of tibial implant 100could instead be a protrusion and latch 260 of intermediate implant 200could instead be a complementary void, or still other designs oflatching or engaging features could be used.

Referring now to FIGS. 4A-4E, there is illustrated a talar implant 300.Anterior edge 301A and posterior edge 301P are illustrated, althoughthis is only for descriptive purposes. Talar implant 300 may comprise atalar-facing surface 302 and an articulating surface that may begenerally opposed to the talar-facing surface 302. Talar-facing surfacemay comprise three generally planar surfaces. The three planar surfacesmay be anterior talar planar surface 306, central talar planar surface307 and posterior talar planar surface 308. (It is not essential thatany of these talar planar surfaces be planar.) The three generallyplanar surfaces 306, 307, 308 may appear, in cross-section when viewedfrom a lateral direction, as straight-line segments. Between adjacentplanar surfaces 306, 307, 308 may be machining recesses or fillets 309A,309B.

The anterior talar-facing surface 306 may comprise one or more talarpegs. As illustrated, two talar pegs 342, 344 are provided. Talar pegsmay be generally cylindrical with a rounded end. The shape of talar peg342, 344 may be similar to the shape described for tibial pegs 142, 144.Each talar peg 342, 344 may comprise a piece of a sphere at the tip ofthe peg, followed by (tangent to) a cone, followed by a circular arc inrevolution, followed by a cylinder. It is believed, although again it isnot wished to be limited to this explanation, that such a shape of thetip of the talar peg 342, 344 may be helpful for similar reasons similarto those discussed in connection with the tibial pegs 142, 144. Talarpegs 342, 344 may each have a respective talar peg axis. The talar pegaxis may have an angle delta, with respect to posterior talar planarsurface 308, which is greater than zero as illustrated in FIG. 4E.Alternatively, talar pegs 342, 344 could be parallel to posterior talarplanar surface 308. As illustrated and as is particularly visible inFIG. 4D, when viewed from the front (anterior), talar peg 342 iscompletely within the lateral range of condylar articulating surface 372of talar implant 300, and talar peg 344 is completely within the lateralrange of condylar articulating surface 374.

The articulating surface may comprise, as illustrated, two condyles,although other shapes are also possible. The first condylar articulatingsurface 372 and the second condylar articulating surface 374, asillustrated, may both be convex. However, in the region where the twocondylar articulating surfaces approach each other, there may be atransition surface 376, which may be concave. As illustrated here andelsewhere herein, first condylar surface 372, second condylar surface374 and transition surface 376 may all be formed by respective circulararcs being revolved around a common axis of revolution 399. Furthermore,as illustrated, the circular arc for first condylar surface 372 and thecircular arc for second condylar surface 374 may have identical radii ofcurvature, although this is not essential. As illustrated, the circulararc for first condylar surface 372 and the circular arc for secondcondylar surface 374 both have a radius of curvature of 0.600 inch. Asillustrated, transition surface 376 has a radius of curvature of 0.125inch in the opposite sense from surfaces 372, 374. Variations from allof these dimensions would be possible.

FIG. 4F illustrates the assembled total ankle replacement prosthesiswith respect to nearby anatomy of a patient's body. In particular, thereis illustrated axis of revolution 399 for forming condylar surfaces 272,274 and transition surface 276, and for forming condylar surfaces 372,374 and transition surface 376. The orientation of axis of revolution399 relative to the anatomy is also illustrated.

Referring now to FIG. 5A, intermediate implant 200 may have atibial-implant-facing surface 102 and an opposed surface that is anarticulating surface. The articulating surface may, as illustrated, bebicondylar, although other shapes are also possible. Condylar surface272 of intermediate implant 200 may be generally concave and condylarsurface 274 of intermediate implant 200 may be generally concave, andbetween them may be transition region 276, which may be convex. Asillustrated, first condylar surface 272 may be a surface formed by afirst circular arc 272A whose center 272C is indicated with a cross.Similarly, second condylar surface 274 may be a surface formed by asecond circular arc 274A whose center 274C is similarly indicated.Similarly, surface 276 may be formed by another arc 276A whose center276C is indicated. The axis of revolution may be the same for all ofcircular arcs 272A, 274A, and 276A. Furthermore, as illustrated,circular arcs 272A, 274A may have identical radii of curvature with eachother, although this is not essential. The orientation of the axis ofrotation may be non-horizontal, such as angled 8 degrees with respect tohorizontal, as illustrated in FIGS. 4F and 5A.

Referring now to FIG. 5B, talar implant 300 may have a talus-facingsurface 302 and an opposed surface that is an articulating surface. Thearticulating surface may, as illustrated, be bicondylar, although othershapes are also possible. Condylar surface 372 of talar implant 300 maybe generally convex and condylar surface 374 of talar implant 300 may begenerally convex, and between them may be transition region 376, whichmay be concave. As illustrated, first condylar surface 372 may be asurface formed by a first circular arc 372A whose center 372C isindicated with a cross. Similarly, second condylar surface 374 may be asurface formed by another arc 372A whose center 374C is indicated.Similarly, surface 376 may be formed by another arc 376A whose center376C is indicated. The axis of revolution may be the same for all ofcircular arcs 372A, 374A, and 376A. Furthermore, as illustrated,circular arcs 372A, 374A may have identical radii of curvature with eachother, although this is not essential. The orientation of the axis ofrotation may be non-horizontal, such as for example it may be angled 8degrees with respect to horizontal as illustrated in FIGS. 4F and 5B.

There may exist certain geometric relationships between the condylarsurfaces of talar implant 300 and the condylar surfaces of intermediateimplant 200. Specifically, the radii of curvature (illustrated as 0.820inch) of the defining circular arcs 272A, 274A defining the concavecondylar surfaces 272, 274 of the intermediate implant 200 may be largerthan the corresponding radii of curvature (illustrated as 0.600 inch) ofthe defining circular arcs 372A, 374A defining the convex condylarsurfaces 372, 374 of the talar implant 300. Also, the arc of thecondylar surfaces 272, 274 in the intermediate implant 200 may extendover a larger distance or angular dimension than does the arc of thecondylar surfaces 372, 374 in the talar implant 300, as can be seen bycomparing FIGS. 5A and 5B.

It can be noted that it is not necessary for the talar-facing surface272, 274, 276 of intermediate implant 200 and for theintermediate-implant-facing surface 372, 374, 376 of talar implant 300to be bicondylar. Such surfaces could be unicondylar or even spherical,or other shape as appropriate. The respective shapes may be generallycomplementary to each other. As has been illustrated, the articulatingsurface of the intermediate implant 200 is mostly concave (272, 274) andthe articulating surface of the talar implant 300 is mostly convex (372,374). However, the opposite could be true instead. If surface 272articulates with corresponding surface 372 and surface 274 illustrateswith corresponding surface 374, it is not necessary for surface 276 toactually articulate with corresponding surface 376.

In regard to materials, the tibial implant 100 may be or may comprise abiocompatible metal. An example is titanium or a titanium alloy such asTi-6 Al-4 V. Other biocompatible materials are also possible. Inparticular, the tibia-facing surface 102 of the tibial implant 100, andalso fin 130 and pegs 142, 144 may comprise a material that is conduciveto bone ingrowth or ongrowth, such as titanium or a titanium alloy. Suchsurface may be porous as desired to help promote bone ingrowth orongrowth. If desired, some or all of the tibia-facing surface of thetibial implant 100 may be coated with a coating suitable to promote boneingrowth or ongrowth. It is possible to use different materials indifferent places of any of these implants.

Further in regard to materials, the talar implant 300 may have any orall of the material characteristics just described for the tibialimplant 100. If desired, some or all of the talus-facing surface of thetalar implant 300, as well as talar pegs 342, 344, may be porous or maybe coated with a coating suitable to promote bone ingrowth or ongrowth.It is possible to use different materials in different places of any ofthese implants.

Further in regard to materials, the intermediate implant 200 maycomprise a biocompatible polymer. For example, ultra high molecularweight polyethylene may be used. The material may be chosen to have goodwear characteristics against the corresponding material of talar implant300. Other materials such as ceramic are also possible.

Further in regard to materials, it is possible that a ceramic materialcould be used for any of the components 100, 200, 300.

Referring now to FIG. 6A, there is illustrated an intermediate implant200N as was previously illustrated in FIG. 3C. This intermediate implant200N illustrated in FIG. 6A is referred to as a neutral implant, asdiscussed here and elsewhere herein. In such an intermediate implant200, the articulating talar condylar surfaces 272, 274 have an anterioredge 288A and a posterior edge 288P. At the anterior edge 288A, thetalar-facing surface may end at or may blend into an anterior planarsurface. Similarly, at the posterior edge 288P, the talar-facing surfacemay end at or may blend into a posterior planar surface. For a neutralintermediate implant 200, the anterior planar surface is coplanar withthe posterior planar surface. More generally, for intermediate implant200 geometries that are contoured at their lower ends in any manner thatis more complicated than planar, there may be defined a midplane of theintermediate implant that is a vertical plane of symmetry midway betweenthe dovetails 222, 224 is generally parallel to a sagittal plane in theanatomical sense, and in that midplane there may be defined a contactline 292 that touches but does not intersect the anterior portion of thelower surface of intermediate implant 200, and also touches but does notintersect the posterior portion of the lower surface of intermediateimplant 200. Depending on details of geometry, either or both of thosecontact points could be in the form of the contact line being tangent toa curve, or could be the line overlapping with a planar surface, orcould be the line touching a corner point. For a neutral intermediateimplant 200N, the contact line 292 may be generally horizontal orparallel with the top surface 202 of intermediate implant 200.

As described, in certain embodiments of the invention, it is possiblethat there be an anterior edge 288A of the curved articulating surfaceof the intermediate implant 200 and a posterior edge 288P of the curvedarticulating surface of the intermediate implant 200, and it is possiblethat the anterior edge 288A and the posterior edge 288P might not be atthe same elevation, with elevation measured from a reference plane, suchas a top surface 202 of the intermediate implant 200. As shown in FIGS.6A, 6B, and 6C, offset “h” shows a distance from contact line 292, whichis conversely able to be measured from the top surface 202. In otherwords, the articulating curved surface of the intermediate implant 200can extend farther (FIG. 6B) anteriorly than it does posteriorly, or,alternatively, the articulating curved surface of the intermediateimplant 200 can extend farther posteriorly (FIG. 6C) than it doesanteriorly. It is possible that the use of unequal anterior andposterior angular extents of the articulating surfaces, or the unequalelevational positions of the corresponding endpoints of the articulatingsurfaces, could decrease the likelihood of subluxation in particulardirections, as discussed elsewhere herein. This is illustrated in FIG.6B for an anterior-biased intermediate implant 200A, and in FIG. 6C fora posterior-biased intermediate implant 200P. If the anterior edge 288Aextends farther than the posterior edge 288P as in FIG. 6B, this mayreduce the likelihood of subluxation of the talus in the anteriordirection relative to the tibia. If the posterior edge 288P extendsfurther than the anterior edge 288A as in FIG. 6C, this may reduce thelikelihood of subluxation of the talus in the posterior directionrelative to the tibia. If the extent of the curved articulating surfacewere to be extended equally in both directions (anterior and posterior),this might discourage subluxation in both the anterior and the posteriordirections, but it would not discourage one direction of subluxationpreferentially compared to the other direction of subluxation, and thiscould be expected to make it generally harder to bring intermediateimplant 200 into the surgical site into its intended place, requiringgreater stretching or displacement of nearby tissues and anatomicalfeatures. In particular, if the arc length of the articulating surfaceof intermediate implant 200A is extended in the anterior direction butnot the posterior, and if this intermediate implant 200A is insertedsurgically from the anterior-to-posterior direction after the tibialimplant 100 and the talar implant 300 have already been implanted, thiswould not increase the difficulty of inserting the intermediate implant200A, but it would provide greater protection against subluxation in theform of the foot or the talus subluxing or moving in an anteriordirection with respect to the tibia.

The anterior bias intermediate implant 200A may make it especiallyunlikely or difficult for subluxation to occur in the sense of the footand talus subluxing in an anterior direction relative to the tibia. Theposterior bias intermediate implant 200P may make it especially unlikelyor difficult for subluxation to occur in the sense of the foot and talussubluxing in a posterior direction relative to the tibia.

It is possible that a kit may be provided that includes more than onetype of implant, such as a neutral implant 200N, an anterior biasintermediate implant 200A and a posterior bias intermediate implant200P. Each of those intermediate implants 200N, 200A, 200P may fit or beattachable to the same tibial implant 100. In this way, a surgeon canchoose to use any of the various intermediate implants 200N, 200A, 200Pas appropriate, while the tibial implant 100 and the talar implant 300are unaffected by the choice of intermediate implant 200. The choice maybe made based at least in part on the anatomy of the patient and thelikelihood of any factors that might contribute to occurrence ofsubluxation. It would also be possible that a kit contain more than oneneutral intermediate implant 200N, with varying extents of arc. Aneutral intermediate implant having a larger extent of arc in both frontand rear directions would provide more protection against subluxation inboth directions, although it could be more difficult to insert, in thesense of requiring greater stretching of surrounding tissues.

Further, in terms of a kit, any or all of the described components maybe provided in mirror image versions corresponding to the left and rightsides of a patient's body. Also, any or all components may be providedin multiple sizes.

In terms of surgical procedure and use of the described apparatus, atypical procedure is described here. It is to be understood thatvariations in the sequence of steps are possible. First, access to theankle may be performed from the anterior of the ankle. A fixture may beanchored to the patient's leg externally to aid in determination ofposition of cuts. A cutting guide may be used to direct an oscillatorysaw to remove the distal portion of the tibia. Working at an angle,possibly with a right-angle drill, drilling or other bone removal may beperformed to the cut surface of the tibia such as to prepare for thepegs and the fin. For the assumed surgical access from the anteriordirection, it may easier to drill trial holes for the tibial pegs 142,144 in the tibia, and it may be more difficult to prepare the space forthe fin 130 because the fin location is deeper within the surgical site.The tibial implant 100 may be put into the surgical site, and may behammered or urged in a posterior direction into its final position. So,the sharp end of the fin 130 may be advantageous in that the sharp endcan force its own way into the tibial bone to some extent, as may beneeded, upon application of force to the anterior end of the tibialimplant 100 in a posterior direction. The fin 130 may help to preventthe posterior portion of tibial implant 100 from separating from thetibia upon certain motions by the patient.

The talus can be prepared by cutting a series of flats into its surface,corresponding to the underside surface of talar implant 300. Holes canbe drilled corresponding to talar pegs 342, 344. The talar implant 300can be urged into place.

After the tibial implant 100 and the talar implant 300 have beenimplanted, the intermediate implant 200 may be slid into place.Intermediate implant 200 may be tapped or urged in a posterior directionuntil it engages with tibial implant 100.

The preceding description is provided to enable a person of ordinaryskill in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Whilethe foregoing has described what are considered to be the best modeand/or other examples, it is understood that various modifications tothese aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, andthe generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects.Thus, the claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shownherein, but is to be accorded the full scope consistent with thelanguage claims, wherein reference to an element in the singular is notintended to mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, butrather “one or more.” Unless specifically stated otherwise, the terms “aset” and “some” refer to one or more. Pronouns in the masculine (e.g.,his) include the feminine and neuter gender (e.g., her and its) and viceversa. Headings and subheadings, if any, are used for convenience onlyand do not limit the invention.

It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of steps in theprocesses disclosed is an illustration of exemplary approaches. Basedupon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order orhierarchy of steps in the processes may be rearranged. Some of the stepsmay be performed simultaneously. The accompanying method claims presentelements of the various steps in a sample order, and are not meant to belimited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.

Terms such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “rear” and the like as used inthis disclosure should be understood as referring to an arbitrary frameof reference, rather than to the ordinary gravitational frame ofreference. Thus, a top surface, a bottom surface, a front surface, and arear surface may extend upwardly, downwardly, diagonally, orhorizontally in a gravitational frame of reference.

A phrase such as an “aspect” does not imply that such aspect isessential to the subject technology or that such aspect applies to allconfigurations of the subject technology. A disclosure relating to anaspect may apply to all configurations, or one or more configurations. Aphrase such as an aspect may refer to one or more aspects and viceversa. A phrase such as an “embodiment” does not imply that suchembodiment is essential to the subject technology or that suchembodiment applies to all configurations of the subject technology. Adisclosure relating to an embodiment may apply to all embodiments, orone or more embodiments. A phrase such an embodiment may refer to one ormore embodiments and vice versa.

The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example orillustration.” Any aspect or design described herein as “exemplary” isnot necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over otheraspects or designs.

All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the variousaspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or latercome to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expresslyincorporated herein by reference and are intended to be encompassed bythe claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to bededicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure isexplicitly recited in the claims. No claim element is to be construedunder the provisions of 35 U.S.C. § 112, sixth paragraph, unless theelement is expressly recited using the phrase “means for” or, in thecase of a method claim, the element is recited using the phrase “stepfor.” Furthermore, to the extent that the term “include,” “have,” or thelike is used in the description or the claims, such term is intended tobe inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprise” as “comprise” isinterpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.

What is claimed is:
 1. A tibial implant comprising: an outer perimeteras viewed from above along a vertical axis having a first straight edgeopposite to a first concave curve interconnected by a second edge and anopposing third edge; four convex corners interconnecting said outerperimeter in the corresponding succession of said first straight edge,said second edge, said first concave curve, and said third edge to forma complete said outer perimeter of said tibial implant; and atibia-facing surface and an opposing lower surface are defined by saidouter perimeter.
 2. The tibial implant of claim 1, further comprising afirst midplane from said second edge to said third edge, wherein saidtibial implant is nonsymmetrical about said first midplane.
 3. Thetibial implant of claim 2, further comprising a second midplane fromsaid first straight edge to said first concave curve, wherein saidtibial implant is nonsymmetrical about said second midplane.
 4. Thetibial implant of claim 1, further comprising a midplane from said firststraight edge to said first concave curve, wherein said tibial implantis nonsymmetrical about said midplane.
 5. The tibial implant of claim 1,wherein said third edge is a concave curve.
 6. The tibial implant ofclaim 1, wherein said second edge is a straight edge.
 7. The tibialimplant of claim 6, wherein said second edge is not perpendicular tosaid first straight edge.
 8. The tibial implant of claim 1, wherein saidsecond edge is a shallow arc.
 9. The tibial implant of claim 1, furthercomprising one or more projections extending away from said tibia-facingsurface.
 10. The tibial implant of claim 9, wherein at least oneprojection of said one or more projections includes one or more throughopenings.
 11. The tibial implant of claim 1, wherein at least one ofsaid outer perimeter and said tibia-facing surface includes one or moreporous surfaces.
 12. A tibial implant comprising: an outer perimeter asviewed from above along a vertical axis having a first straight edgeopposite to a first concave curve interconnected by a second straightedge or shallow arc and an opposing first convex curve; four convexcorners interconnecting said outer perimeter in the correspondingsuccession of said first straight edge, said second straight edge orshallow arc, said first concave curve, and said first convex curve toform a complete said outer perimeter of said tibial implant; a firstconvex corner of said four convex corners between said first straightedge and said second straight edge or shallow arc; wherein there is afirst tangent line that is parallel to said first straight edge and istangent to a second convex corner of said four convex corners betweensaid second straight edge or shallow arc and said first concave curve;and wherein a third convex corner of said four convex corners betweensaid first concave curve and said first convex curve is positionedoutside of said first tangent line so as to be farther from said firststraight edge than said first tangent line.
 13. An ankle replacementprosthesis, comprising: a tibial implant comprising an outer perimeteras viewed from above along a vertical axis having a first straight edgeopposite to a first concave curve interconnected by a second edge and anopposing third edge; four convex corners interconnecting said outerperimeter in the corresponding succession of said first straight edge,said second edge, said first concave curve, and said third edge to forma complete said outer perimeter of said tibial implant; and atibia-facing surface and an opposing lower surface are defined by saidouter perimeter; a talar implant; an intermediate implant fittingbetween said tibial implant and said talar implant, and wherein saidintermediate implant includes an articulating surface engaging saidtalar implant.
 14. The ankle replacement prosthesis of claim 13, whereinsaid tibial implant further includes a first midplane from said secondedge to said third edge, wherein said tibial implant is nonsymmetricalabout said first midplane.
 15. The ankle replacement prosthesis of claim14, wherein said tibial implant further includes a second midplane fromsaid first straight edge to said first concave curve, wherein saidtibial implant is nonsymmetrical about said second midplane.
 16. Theankle replacement prosthesis of claim 13, wherein said tibial implantfurther includes a midplane from said first straight edge to said firstconcave curve, wherein said tibial implant is nonsymmetrical about saidmidplane.
 17. The ankle replacement prosthesis of claim 13, wherein saidthird edge of said tibial implant is a concave curve.
 18. The anklereplacement prosthesis of claim 13, wherein said second edge of saidtibial implant is a straight edge.
 19. The ankle replacement prosthesisof claim 18, wherein said second edge of said tibial implant is notperpendicular to said first straight edge.
 20. The ankle replacementprosthesis of claim 13, wherein said second edge of said tibial implantis a shallow arc.